Understanding where your family, homeland and people come from — the roots of self-confidence.

How those before us got things wrong, got them right and overcame them — precious experience for today.

Understanding the cost of independence and peace so we treasure every peaceful day.

An event has many viewpoints — children learn to ask "what really happened?" instead of believing at once.

The first Vietnamese state, according to legend. The tale "Children of the Dragon and the Fairy" and the chưng and giầy rice cakes belong to this age.

Sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị raised the banner of revolt against northern rule — an indomitable symbol of Vietnamese women.

The famous wooden-stake battle on the Bạch Đằng River ended over a thousand years of northern domination and opened a lasting era of independence.

Lý Thái Tổ moved the capital to Thăng Long (1010); Trần Hưng Đạo defeated the Mongol Yuan three times; Lê Lợi & Nguyễn Trãi led the Lam Sơn uprising against the Ming.

The last feudal dynasty (from 1802); after which our country was ruled by French colonialists for nearly a century.

The August Revolution succeeded; President Hồ Chí Minh read the Declaration of Independence, giving birth to a new Vietnam.

The victory "renowned across the five continents" ended the resistance against France; the country was temporarily split in two.

The country was joined into one, the land reunited — opening an era of peace and rebuilding.

Also called "The Great War", it broke out in Europe and spread. It was the first time humanity used industrial weapons — tanks, aircraft, poison gas — on a large scale, with consequences too terrible to imagine.

The bloodiest war in human history, spreading across the continents. During it came the genocide of the Holocaust — a powerful reminder of where hatred and prejudice can lead.

Usually dated from around 1955, escalating sharply from 1965 when US forces entered the fighting directly, and closing on 30 April 1975 when the country was reunified.

It was the reason the United States gave for getting involved: a fear that if one country in the region turned communist, neighbouring ones would "fall" too, like a row of dominoes. Many historians later judged this view too simplistic.

Millions of Vietnamese on both sides — soldiers and civilians alike — lost their lives. Many areas were devastated, and consequences such as Agent Orange still linger today.

A reunified country, at peace and rebuilding step by step. The deepest lesson is the longing for independence and the worth of a single peaceful day beside family.

Over 4,500 years ago the Egyptians built the colossal Pyramids of Giza and wrote in hieroglyphs — wonders that still amaze the world today.

The land between two rivers is regarded as the birthplace of the first writing and the wheel — inventions that changed how people live forever.

The cradle of democracy, philosophy and the Olympic Games. Thinkers such as Socrates and Aristotle laid the foundations for how humanity thinks.

A vast empire with a system of law, roads and structures (such as the Colosseum) that we still learn from today.

Home of the Great Wall and the "Four Great Inventions": paper, the compass, gunpowder and printing — influencing the whole world.

When people learned to farm and to record things in writing, the first cities and civilisations were born.

The printing press copied books quickly and cheaply, bringing knowledge to millions instead of only the privileged few.

Steam engines and factories changed how people worked, travelled and produced things — the start of the modern world.

When Edison perfected the light bulb, the night was no longer dark — electricity became the lifeblood of modern life.

The Wright brothers first lifted humans into the sky — an age-old dream suddenly come true.

Apollo 11 took humans onto the Moon for the first time — one small step for a man, a giant leap for humankind.

In the late 20th century, computers and the Internet connected the whole planet — opening the information age you are growing up in.

In the 19th century, country after country abolished the buying and selling of human beings — a great victory for conscience.

In the early 20th century, women in many places won the right to vote — a long stride toward equality.

After World War II, the world declared together that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Medical advances have saved hundreds of millions of lives and pushed back diseases that once spread fear.

Children remember "characters" and "stories" better than dates. Turn each milestone into a story with people and feelings.

Begin with family and homeland, then widen out to the nation and the world — history that feels close is easy to love.

Tell the truth but don't sow hatred; always close with a lesson about peace and compassion.

Let children ask "why?" and "what if it had been different?" — that is the beginning of real historical thinking.

Cold isn't about "adding cold" — it's about taking heat away .

A special liquid that evaporates very easily, carrying heat away to cool the machine.

The "heart" of a cooler, pushing the refrigerant around the loop.

The heat taken out is dumped behind the fridge or at the air conditioner's outdoor unit.

Inside the fridge, the refrigerant evaporates and absorbs heat — cooling the air down.

The compressor squeezes the vapour, making it hot, and pushes it to the back of the fridge.

At the back coils, the vapour releases its heat and turns back into a liquid.

The cycle runs on and on to keep food cool and fresh.

26–28°C is cool enough, uses less power and is better for your health.

A clean filter cools faster and keeps the air fresher.

So the cool air doesn't escape and the machine works less.

Air-conditioned rooms get dry — a little water helps keep your skin from drying out.

Many devices still quietly "eat" power even when switched off.

Every time you open it, cold air escapes and the machine has to work to catch up.

Putting hot food in makes the fridge use much more power to cool down.

A clean machine runs quietly, uses less power and lasts longer.

The smallest unit of life — your body has trillions of cells.

The "instruction manual" inside your cells that decides your eyes, hair and height.

Tiny organisms — some make yoghurt, some make medicine.

How microbes turn one thing into another: milk into yoghurt, dough into bread.

They train the body to "recognise" germs so you don't get sick; many medicines are also made with the help of microbes.

Helping plants resist drought and pests and bear more fruit — fuller meals for everyone.

Yoghurt, cheese, bread and soy sauce all exist thanks to fermenting microbes.

Some bacteria "eat" oil spills and treat rubbish and wastewater.

Add a starter to warm milk and leave it overnight — friendly bacteria turn the milk into yoghurt. A biotech experiment right in your kitchen!

Yeast eats sugar and gives off gas that makes dough puff up — that's why bread is soft and airy.

Plant a bean and keep a daily diary — see life growing with your own eyes.

Leave a damp piece of bread in a sealed container for a few days and watch the mould grow — do NOT open it, do not taste it.

A nanometre is one billionth of a metre — a hair is about 80,000–100,000 nanometres thick.

Matter is built from extremely tiny particles called atoms; nanotech works right at that scale.

At the nano scale, the same substance can change colour, become harder or conduct electricity quite differently.

Scientists arrange matter almost one atom at a time.

Nanoparticles let the cream stay clear while still blocking harmful sun rays.

A nano coating makes fabric water-repellent, stain-resistant and antibacterial.

A phone's processor has features just a few nanometres in size.

Nanoparticles deliver medicine right to the diseased spot in the body.

A lotus leaf's surface has countless nano bumps that make water bead up and roll off, carrying dirt away.

Millions of nano hairs let geckos grip and climb walls and ceilings.

A butterfly wing's glittering colour comes from nano structures, not from paint.

Many times thinner than a hair, yet amazingly strong thanks to its super-tiny structure.

The basic units of the brain — how they pass and connect electrochemical signals to one another.

Using a magnetic field to gently stimulate a brain region from outside, to study how the brain works and to help with treatment.

Techniques such as fMRI let us "see" which brain regions are active when we think, remember or feel.

Studies how the brain makes decisions about money, choices and risk — where economics, psychology and neuroscience meet.

Teaching computers to learn from data on their own — to recognise, classify and predict without being programmed step by step.

Building systems that can learn, reason and solve problems.

Using computers and algorithms to process, simulate and analyse huge amounts of data.

The rigorous mathematical foundation for probability and integration — the "skeleton" of modern statistics.

Finding the best solution to a problem given the data and the constraints.

Studying jobs, wages, skills and the labour market.

Understanding how firms compete, set prices and run markets.

Turning raw data into insight and well-founded decisions.

Using experiments to see how people really behave in situations of competition or cooperation.

Studying how to choose well when there are many options and the information is uncertain.

Studying how the mind takes in, processes and uses information.

The foundational language for every economic and statistical model.

Why things fall, carts roll and balls bounce — thanks to force and inertia.

Light travels in straight lines, bounces off mirrors and splits into a rainbow through a prism.

Sound is a vibration spreading through the air; fast vibrations make high notes, slow ones make low notes.

Electric current lights lamps and magnets pull iron — two friends that always go together.

Hot and cold — why ice cream melts and why boiling water turns into steam.

Gravity keeps us on the ground and keeps the planets circling the Sun.

The tiny "bricks" that make up every living body.

Plants take in water and sunlight to make their own food (photosynthesis) and release the air we breathe.

Countless species from ants to elephants, each with its own way of living and adapting.

Heart, lungs, brain, bones... all working together so you can run, think and grow.

Why you look like your parents — thanks to the DNA "blueprint" passed down to you.

Living things and their environment support one another in a web of life.

Everything is built from tiny particles called atoms.

Solid, liquid, gas — like ice, water and steam.

Mix baking soda with vinegar to make fizzing bubbles — a new substance is born!

Sour lemon (an acid), slippery soap (a base); litmus paper changes colour to tell them apart.

Sugar dissolves in water but oil doesn't — why is that?

Plastic, metal, glass... each has its own properties for different uses.